![]() Fortunately, for all of living matter that is based on atoms, the electron is also repelled by the additional particles in the proton. If it were only an attractive force, the electron would annihilate with an antiquark (or positron). The attractive force is the electric force which decreases with the inverse square of the distance. Using the pentaquark model, the electron is attracted to the nucleus of a proton, being attracted to the antiquark (or positron) that is likely at the center of the structure. The details of each force are provided below. When the electron aligns with the tetrahedral vertices of the proton (bound by the strong force), it is repelled by the second wave. ![]() The center positron is the attractive force. The proton’s pentaquark structure is shown below (Q 1). The electron is attracted (F 1) and repelled (F 2) by the proton and the orbital is the position where the sum of the forces is zero. This model explains why the electron stays in an orbit around a proton, yet annihilates with a positron which has an identical charge as the proton.Įlectron in an Atomic Orbital – Attracted and Repelled by Proton The electron is essentially being pushed and pulled at the same time, as described below. The electron stays in an orbital and this orbital is successfully modeled as the distance where the sum of the forces on an electron is zero. Quantum mechanics evolved to solve this issue and other notable problems in the subatomic world that could not be explained at the time, but it evolved in a time period before the proton was known to be a composite particle (quantum mechanics was developed during the 1920s the proton was first discovered to contain three quarks in the 1960s the pentaquark was validated in 2015). The original Bohr model of the atom was modeled similar to the gravitational pull of planets and stars, but it failed to explain and calculate the position of the electron using classical mechanics. However, a secondary force repels the electron, as transverse waves along an axis between quarks, keeping the electron in an orbital and continually shifting positions.Įlectrons do not orbit an atomic nucleus like the Earth orbits the Sun. The pentaquark structure contains an antiquark that attracts an electron as destructive longitudinal waves. The latter are all discussed separately on their respective pages. Not only does the pentaquark structure explain some of the mysteries of the atom’s sequence and orbitals explained on this page, but it also explains the proton’s strange beta decay results, why the electron annihilates with the positron, and why the coupling constant for the strong force shows up in the equation for hydrogen’s orbital. The proton is indeed a composite particle that is formed of other particles, but unlike modern theories that propose the proton to consist of three quarks, it more likely contains four quarks and an antiquark, known as the pentaquark found at CERN in 2015. In energy wave theory, the cause of the atom, the periodic sequence of a combination of protons in the atom’s nucleus, and the reason for the electron’s orbital and its probable location and shapes are all based on the structure of the proton.
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